I’ve always considered myself to be a great lover of words and word origins, but I have to admit that when I first heard that Olathe student Kavya Shivashankar had won the Scripp’s National Spelling Bee with the word “Laodicean,” I didn’t immediately recognize the word and didn’t give too much thought to its meaning. But I had the strangest feeling that I had come across this word before.
It wasn’t until Charlie Gibson gave the definition on World News tonight that I suddenly realized where I had encountered this word before. As Mr. Gibson chuckled about how most of us would have no idea what this word meant and would probably never need to know, I grabbed my bible and turned to the third chapter of Revelation. Sure enough, I had written in the margins between the scribbled Greek words and historical references, “Laodicean” and the phrase “cure for lukewarmness, readmission of Christ- Morgan.” So I got pretty excited; not only had this word triggered my passion for historical word origins, but it was about to bring me back to a sermon by Pastor Melissa Scott on Christ’s message to the Church of Laodicea…a message that I needed to hear now more than ever.
And so, armed with the knowledge I’ve learned from my studies in history and Greek, and with the guidance Pastor Scott’s message, I’m going to attempt to write my first bible study essay. I invite you to look at this word with me and why it is so important to the health of our spiritual lives.
La·od·i·ce·an, adj – Indifferent or lukewarm especially in matters of religion or politics. [referring to the early Christians of Laodicea (Revelation 3:14–16)]
Now if you’re anything like me, sometimes when I see a scripture reference to Revelations, my brain turns off. Unlike the gospels or Paul’s letters, taking pieces of Revelations and trying to decipher them without context can be confusing and disheartening for someone without a Masters of Divinity. So before we go to the passage, I liked to anchor it on something that I do understand…history. So let’s take a trip back in time.
Laodicea, circa 90 AD

Located on the road between Hierapolis and Colossae, Laodicea was a major center of trade.
Laodicea was a bustling center of economic growth leading up to this point. Located in what is now modern-day Turkey, it sat on the crossroads of two marjor trade routes and therefore became very wealthy through its banking and commerce. The city also prospered from its garment industry, benefiting from the luxurious black wool produced in the surrounding Lycus Valley. There was even a medical school in the city, and they became known for producing a widely used medicinal eye salve. These factors contributed to the financial success of the Laodiceans, and throughout Roman times, the city was the wealthiest in the province of Phrygia. They were doing pretty darn good for themselves. Tacitus, a contemporaneous Roman Senator and historian, tell us that in 60 AD, an earthquake hit the city, but the proud Laodicean officials refused any financial aid from Rome: “One of the most famous cities of Asia, Laodicea, was in the same year overthrown by an earthquake and without any relief from us recovered itself by its own resources” (Tacitus, Annals, 14:27). They relied on their own wealth and prosperity, and prided themselves on their self-sufficiency.

The city completely relied on aqueducts such as this for there precious supply of water.
But as self-reliant as they were, there was one thing that held the Laodiceans back. The city was completely dependent on external sources for one of life’s most essential necessities — water. Through a complex system of aqueducts, water was piped to Laodicea from the two nearest cities: Hierapolis, to the north, was home to Hot Springs with theraputic mineral waters. In the south, the city of Colossae (as in Colossians) enjoyed the refreshing, cool waters of the Lycus River, a tributary of the Maeander River. But by the time the waters of these two rivers reached the Laodiceans, it was anything but refreshing, rather it became tepid and calcified, somewhat nauseous.
“Water piped into Laodicea by aqueduct from the south was so concentrated with minerals that the Roman engineers designed vents, capped by removable stones, so the aqueduct pipes could periodically be cleared of deposits.” (John McRay, Archaeology And The New Testament, p. 248).
Christ’s Message to the Church of Laodicea
It was into this culture of self-reliance and pride in wealth that the Early Church spread across Phrygia and into Laodicea in the first century AD. But as Christ called the Church to be a light unto the world, the Laodicean Christians fell into an all-too-common trap. The culture of the city seeped into the culture of the church. How could the Laodicean Christians become completely reliant on God when they were able to take care of themselves just fine. When a Christian loses this complete dependence on God, the relationship and trust suffers. Let’s go to the Revelations, chapter 3:
14“To the angel of the church in Laodicea write:
These are the words of the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the ruler of God’s creation. 15I know your deeds, that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish you were either one or the other! 16So, because you are lukewarm—neither hot nor cold—I am about to spit you out of my mouth.
First to clarify: the word ‘Angel’ in verse one is
( or aggelo, transliterated) in the Greek and can be more directly translated as “Messenger” and refers to the Pastor or leader of the church. In these passages, Christ is giving a message to the Church through a vision to John.
Christ cuts right to the chase, and the language of this passage is clear. He is pleading with them. I don’t think the NiV version quite grasps it. Verse 16 uses the word “spit,” but the Greek word
or emesai is literally translated as “vomit.” Christ is using a metaphor that cuts deep for the Laodiceans. Remember the disgusting, tepid hard water that they were famous for? The one thing that their riches could not supply for them was fresh, flowing water. So with the taste of this nauseating water still on their lips, they would read the words that Christ would vomit them out of his mouth for their own lukewarmness.
But don’t be fooled into thinking that by “hot or cold” that Christ is asking them to be either “good or bad.” Their lukewarmness is not of laziness, or a lack of extreme. He means that they have lost their devotion to Him. John W. Ritenbaugh says, “Laodiceanism is nothing more than a virulent form of worldliness in which devotion to Christ deteriorates, while attention to the world—its ways, attitudes, and conduct—intensifies.” The Laodiceans had succumbed to the culture that surrounded them, and rather than being transformed in Christ, they were content to remain in that comfortable place. They were caught in this cycle of sinful pride, without even realizing it. Going back to verse 14, Christ refers to himself as the “Faithful and True witness” because this is a severe contrast to what he sees in the church of Laodicea.
17You say, ‘I am rich; I have acquired wealth and do not need a thing.’ But you do not realize that you are wretched, pitiful, poor, blind and naked. 18I counsel you to buy from me gold refined in the fire, so you can become rich; and white clothes to wear, so you can cover your shameful nakedness; and salve to put on your eyes, so you can see.
In verse 17, the word ‘rich’ does not refer to worldly riches like the word ‘wealth’ that follows. The Greek word being used here is
or plousios which might be better translated as “spiritually rich.” John uses this very word in the previous chapter (Rev 2:9) to tell the Church of Smyrna that Christ sees their poverty, yet they are still plousios! So here, the Laodiceans see themselves as spiritually rich, wealthy on earth and basically having it all together. But its this pride which Christ finds so very offensive, this pride that is so intrinsically part of the city’s culture and values. (link goes to C.S. Lewis’s “The Great Sin” which I encourage everyone to read at some point)
Verse 8, Christ returns to the culture of the Laodiceans for a poetic metaphor. Rather than rely on their great wealth, he tells them to invest in His riches “refined by fire.” These are not the riches of the earth. Rather than put their esteem in their famous black wool, he tells them to clothe themselves in white, to be cleansed and covered of their shame. And finally, remember the eye salve that was produced in Laodicea? Let’s look at the Greek used on that last line of verse 18 for a second.
As you may know, the Greek language is a very specific language, much more so than English. I don’t think its any coincidence that God chose for the New Testament to be given to us originally in Koine Greek, just as it is no coincidence that the Old Testament is written in the beautiful and poetic Hebrew (of which I know very little, unfortunately). Anyhoo, Greek has several different words for many single English words which is helpful to the Biblical scholar because learning which word is used helps us to understand the scriptures better. The word being used here is not
or aleipho which would mean “to rub” as in rubbing in oils, nor is it muro meaning “to rub or apply” referring to ointment or salve. The word here is
, or egchrison, “To annoint”. From the root of this word we get the name “Christ.” Christ is begging the Laodiceans to allow Him to annoint their eyes so that they can see again. He has shown them the flaws of their ways and here he gives the only way out. For too long they have relied on their own worldly powers, now is the time for transformation and devotion to God through Christ.
19Those whom I love I rebuke and discipline. So be earnest, and repent. 20Here I am! I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in and eat with him, and he with me. 21To him who overcomes, I will give the right to sit with me on my throne, just as I overcame and sat down with my Father on his throne.
And this is how the message to the Laodiceans is ended. When we see this oft quoted verse in its context, we understand its urgency. We can almost hear the pleading in Christ’s voice begging, “I’m here and I want to have a relationship with you, but you won’t let me IN. Why are you so content to rely on yourselves, drinking the fetid, lukewarm waters of the world when I can give you the healing living water that flows from God?”
To the Church of Today
There are many Christian scholars that claim that the seven letters in Revelations were meant specifically for those churches, and therefore have no real meaning for the rest of us. I hope that you will agree with me in reading this passage of scripture that Christ’s message through John is meant for all of us. In some way, we can all relate to the Laodiceans, and if you think you can’t, than you are probably fooling yourself. How many of us get caught up in the culture of the world around us, usually without realizing it? How many times have you thought that you had it all together on your own? These are the Enemy’s favorite tools against the Christian because it has been the culture of the centuries to deny that you need help outside of yourself. It is the one thing that our human nature clings to when they rest of our flesh is going through the powerful transformation in Christ. Who really wants to admit that they need something outside of their own power to survive? C.S. Lewis says that the people who don’t think they have a problem with pride are the ones most likely to be controlled by it. How many times have I let myself enter into a plastic bubble of comfort, not learning or growing, not seeking the Lord, just happy to coast through life on autopilot? Can we see the danger in this?
But there is hope! Even to the Laodiceans, the only church in Revelation that Christ had nothing good to say about, He offers His hope. Because it is those whom He loves that He rebukes and disciplines. In becoming a disciple of Christ, we are agreeing to this internal inspection of Christ…this complete and final transformation that brings us closer to the Kingdom of Heaven. So I leave you with this quotation which the scribbles in my bible referenced…
The only cure for lukewarmness is the re-admission of the excluded Christ. Apostasy must be confronted with His fidelity, looseness with conviction born of His authority, poverty with the fact of His wealth, frost with the mighty fire of His enthusiasm, and death with the life divine that is in His gift. There is no other cure for the loneliness of heaven, for the malady of the world, for the lukewarmness of the Church than the re-admitted Christ. -Dr. G. Campbell Morgan